Sometimes during an examination, it can be important to determine what programs have been executed on a
system, and more specifically, when and by which user. Some of the artifacts on a system will provide us with indications of programs that have been executed, while others will provide information about which user launched the program, and when. As such, some of this information can be included in a timeline.
Hopefully, something that will become evident throughout this post, as well as other
HowTo posts, is that rather than focusing on individual artifacts, we're going to start putting various artifacts into "buckets" or
categories. The purpose for doing this is so that analysts don't get lost in a sea of artifacts, and are instead able to tailor their initial approach to an examination, possibly using an
analysis matrix.
Okay, let's get started...
AutoStart LocationsBefore we begin to look at the different artifacts that can be directly tied to a user (or not), I wanted to briefly discuss autostart locations. These are locations within the system...file system, Registry...where references to programs can reside that allow programs to be executed automatically, without any interaction from the user beyond booting the system or logging in. There are a number of such locations and techniques that can be used...Registry autostart locations, including the ubiquitous Run key, Windows services, the StartUp folder on the user's Program Menu, and even the use of the
DLL Search Order functionality/vulnerability. Each of these can be (and have been) discussed in multiple blog posts, so for now, I'm simply going to present them here, under this "umbrella" heading, for completeness.
Scheduled Tasks can be, and are, used as an autostart location. Many of us may have QuickTime or iTunes installed on our system; during installation, a Scheduled Task to check for software updates is created, and we see the results of this task now and again. Further, on Windows 7 systems, a Scheduled Task creates backups of the Software, System, Security, and SAM hive files into the
C:\Windows\system32\config\RegBack folder every 10 days. When considering autostart locations, be sure to check the Scheduled Tasks folder.
Tip
On a live system, you need to use both the schtasks.exe and at.exe commands to get a complete listing of all of the available Scheduled Tasks.
Tools: RegRipper plugins, MS/SysInternals
AutoRuns; for XP/2003 Scheduled Task *.job files,
jobparse.pl; on Vista+ systems, the files are XML
UserThere are a number of artifacts within the user context that can indicate program execution. This can be very useful, as it allows analysts to correlate program execution to the user context in which the program was executed.
UserAssistThe contents of value data within a user's UserAssist subkeys can provide an excellent view into what programs the user has launched via the Explorer shell...by double-clicking icons or shortcuts, as well as by navigating via the Program Menu. Most analysts are aware that the value names are Rot-13 encoded (and hence, easily decoded), and folks like Didier Stevens have gone to great lengths to
document the changes in what information is maintained within the value data, as versions of the operating systems have progressed from Windows 2000 to Windows 8.
Tools: RegRipper
userassist.pl and
userassist_tln.pl plugins
RunMRUWhen a user clicks on the Start button on their Windows XP desktop, and then types a command into the Run box that appears, that command is added to the RunMRU key.
Interestingly, I have not found this key to be populated on Windows 7 systems, even though the key does exist. For example, I continually use the Run box to launch tools such as RegEdit and the calculator, but when I dump the hive file and run the
runmru.pl RegRipper plugin against it, I don't see any entries. I have found the same to be true for other hives retrieved from Windows 7 systems.
Tools: RegRipper
runmru.pl plugin
ComDlg32\CIDSizeMRU ValuesThe binary values located beneath this key appear to contain names of applications that the user recently launched. From my experience, the majority of the content of these values, following the name of the executable file, is largely zeros, with some remnant data (possibly window position/size settings?) at the end of the file. As one of the values is named
MRUListEx, we can not only see (via a timeline) when the most recent application was launched, but we can also see when other applications were launched by examining available VSCs.
AppCompatFlagsAccording to MS, the
Program Compatibility Assistant is used to determine if a program needs to be run in XP Compatibility Mode. Further, "PCA stores a list of programs for which it came up...even if no compatibility modes were applied", under the
Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\AppCompatFlags\Compatibility Assistant\Persisted key in the user's NTUSER.DAT hive. As such, we can query these values and retrieve a list of programs run by the user.
Tools: RegRipper
appcompatflags.pl plugin (I updated the plugin, originally written by Brendan Cole, to include retrieving the values beneath the
Persisted key, on 6 July 2013; as such, the plugin will be included in the next rollout)
MUICacheThe contents of this key within the user hives (NTUSER.DAT for XP/2003, USRCLASS.DAT for Win7) often contains references to applications that were launched within the user context. Often times, these application will include command line interface (CLI) utilities.
Windows shortcuts/LNK files and Jump ListsYou're probably thinking..."huh?" Most analysts are familiar with how shortcuts/LNK files (and Jump Lists) can be used to demonstrate access to files or
external storage devices, but they can also be used to demonstrate program execution within the context of a user.
Most of us are familiar with the LNK files found in the
..\Windows\Recent and
..\Office\Recent folders within the user profile...so, think about how those shortcuts are created. What usually happens is that the user double-clicks a file, the OS will read the file extension from the file, and then query the Registry to determine which application to launch in order to open the file. Windows will then
launch the application...and this is where we have program execution.
Many times when a user installs an application on their system, a desktop shortcut may be created so that the user can easily launch the application. The presence of an icon on the desktop may indicate that the user launched an installer application.
Tools: custom Perl script, tools to
parse LNK filesJava Deployment Cache Index (*.idx) FilesThe beginning of 2013 saw a lot of discussion about vulnerabilities to Java, as well as reports of 0-days, and as a result, there was a small number of folks within the community looking into the use of Java deployment cache index (*.idx) files during analysis. The use of these files as artifacts during an investigation goes back to well before then,
thanks to Corey Harrell. These files provide indications of downloads to the system via Java, and in some cases, those downloads might be malicious in nature. These artifacts are related specifically to Java being executed, and may lead to indications of additional programs being executed. Further, given that the path to the files is within the user profile folder, we can associate the launch of Java with a specific user context.
Tools:
idxparse.pl parser
Browser HistoryA user's browser history not only indicates that they were browsing the web (i.e., executing the browser program), but the history can also be correlated to the *.idx files discussed above in order to determine which site they were visiting that caused Java to be launched.
SystemThere are a number of artifacts on the system that can provide indications of program execution
Prefetch File AnalysisMost analysts are aware of some of the metadata found within Prefetch files. Application prefetch files include metadata indicating when the application was last launched, as well as how many times it has been launched. This can provide some excellent information
Tools: pref.pl, or any other tools/scripts that parse the embedded module strings. Recent versions of scripts I've written and use incorporate an alerting mechanism to identify items within the strings and string paths found to be "suspicious" or "unusual".
AppCompatCacheThis value within the System hive in the Registry was first
discussed publicly by Mandiant, and has proven to be a treasure trove of information, particularly when it comes to malware detection and determining program execution, in general.
Tools: Mandiant's shim cache parser, RegRipper
appcompatcache.pl plugin (
appcompatcache_tln.pl plugin outputs in TLN format, for inclusion in timelines).
Legacy_* KeysWithin the System hive, most of use are familiar with the Windows services keys. What you may not realize is that there is another set of keys that can be very valuable when it comes to understanding when Windows services were run...the
Enum\Root\Legacy_* keys. Beneath the
ControlSet00n\Enum\Root key in the System hive, there are a number of subkeys whose names being with
LEGACY_, and include the names of services.
There are a number of variants of malware (
Win32/Alman.NAD, for example) that install as a service, or driver, and when launched, the operating system will create the
Enum\Root\Legacy_* key for the service/driver. Also, these keys persist after the service or driver is no longer used, or even removed from the system. Malware writeups by AV vendors will indicate that the keys are created when the malware is run (in a sandbox), but it is more correct to say that the OS creates the key(s) automatically as a result of the execution of the malware. This can be an important distinction, which is better addressed in another blog post.
Tools: RegRipper
legacy.pl plugin
Direct* and Tracing KeysThese keys within the Software hive can provide information regarding program execution.
The "Direct*" keys are found beneath the
Microsoft key, and are keys whose names start with "Direct", such as
Direct3D,
DirectDraw, etc. Beneath each of these keys, you
may find a
MostRecentApplication key, which contains a value named
Name, the data of which indicates an application that used the particular graphics functionality. Many times during an exam, I'll see "iexplore.exe" listed in the data, but during one particular exam, I found "DVDMaker.exe" listed beneath the
DirectDraw key. In another case, I found "mmc.exe" listed beneath the same key.
I've found during exams that the
Microsoft\Tracing key contains references to some applications that appear to have networking capabilities. I do not have any references to provide information as to which applications are subject to tracing and appear beneath this key, but I have found references to interesting applications that were installed on systems, such as Juniper and Kiwi Syslog tools (during incident response engagements, this can be very helpful and allow you collect Event Logs from the system that have since been overwritten, and included in a timeline...). Unfortunately, these artifacts have nothing more than the EXE name (no path or other information is included or available), but adding the information to a timeline can provide a bit of
context and
granularity for analysis.
Tip
When examining these and other keys, do not forget to check the corresponding key beneath the Wow6432Node key within the Software hive. The RegRipper plugins address this automatically.
Tools: RegRipper
direct.pl and
tracing.pl plugins
Event LogsService Control Manager events within the System Event Log, particularly those with event IDs
7035 and
7036, provide indications of services that were successfully sent controls, for either starting or stopping the service. Most often within the System Event Log, you'll see these types of events clustered around a system start or shutdown. During DFIR analysis, you're likely going to be interested in either oddly named services, services that only appear recently, or services that are started well after a boot or system startup. Also, you may want to pay close attention to services such as "PSExeSvc", "XCmdSvc", "RCmdSvc", and "AtSvc", as they may indicate lateral movement within the infrastructure.
On Windows 2008 R2 systems, I've found indications of program execution in the Application Experience Event Logs; specifically, I was examining a system that had been compromised via an easily-guessed Terminal Services password, and one of the intruders had installed
Havij (and other tools) on the system. The Application-Experience/Program-Inventory Event Log contained a number of events associated with program installation (event IDs 903 and 904), application updates (event ID 905), and application removal (event IDs 907 and 908). While this doesn't provide a direct indication of a program executing, it does illustrate that the program was installed, and that an installer of some kind was run.
On my own Windows 7 system, I can open the Event Viewer, navigate to the Event Log, and view the records that illustrate when I have installed various programs knowingly (FTK Imager) and unknowningly (Google+ Chat). There are even a number of application updates to things like my ActiveState Perl and Python installations.
Tools: LogParser,
evtxparse.plOther Indirect ArtifactsMany times, we may be able to determine program execution through the use of indirect artifacts, particularly those that persist well after the application has finished executing, or even been deleted. Many of the artifacts that we've discussed are, in fact, indirect artifacts, but there may still be others available, depending upon the program that was executed.
A number of years ago, I was...and I don't like to admit this...certified to perform PCI forensic audits. On one case, I ran into my first instance of a RAM scraper...this was a bit of malware that was installed on a point-of-sale (POS) back office server (running Windows) as a Windows service. After the system was booted, this instance of the malware would read the contents of a register, do some math, and use that value as a seed to wait a random amount of time before waking up and dumping the virtual memory from one of eight named (the names were listed in the executable file) processes. The next step was to parse the memory dump for track data, and this was accomplished via the use of Perl script that was "compiled" via Perl2Exe. I'm somewhat familiar with such executables, and one of the artifacts we found to validate our findings with respect to the actual execution of the malicious code was temporary directories created by "compiled" script. When executables "compiled" with Perl2Exe are run, any of the Perl modules (including the runtime) packed into the executable are extracted as DLLs into a temporary directory, at which time they are "available" to the running code. As the code was launched by a Windows service, the "temp" directories were found in the
C:\Windows\Temp folder. The interesting thing that we found was that the temp directories used to hold the modules/DLLs are not deleted after the code completes, and they persist even if the program itself is removed from the system. In short, we had a pretty good timeline for each time the parsing code was launched.
On my own Windows 7 system, because I run a number of Perl scripts that were "compiled" with Perl2Exe within the context of my user account, the temp directories are found in the path,
C:\Users\harlan\AppData\Local\Temp...the subdirectories themselves are named "p2xtmp-", and are followed by an integer, and themselves contain subdirectories that represent the Perl runtime namespace. The time stamps (creation dates) for these subdirectories provide indications of when I executed scripts that had been compiled via Perl2Exe.
Memory DumpsDuring dead box analysis, memory dumps can be an excellent source of information. When an application crashes, a memory dump is created, and a log file containing information including a process list also created. When another application crash occurs, the memory dump is overwritten, but the log file is appended to, meaning that you can have a number of crash events available for analysis. I have found this historical information to be very useful during examinations because, while the information is somewhat limited, it can illustrate whether or not a program was running at some point in the past.
We're not going to discuss hibernation files here, as once you access a hibernation file and
begin analysis, there really is very little difference between analyzing the hibernation file and analyzing a memory dump for a live system. Many of the techniques that you'd use, and the artifacts that you would look for, are pretty much the same.
Tools: text viewer
Malware Detection
Another use of this artifact category is that it can be extremely valuable in detecting the presence of malware on a system. However, malware detection is a topic that is best addressed in another post, as there is simply too much information to limit the topic to just a portion of a blog post.
ResourcesThis idea of determining program execution has been discussed before:
Timeline Analysis, and Program ExecutionThere Are Four Lights: Program Execution
